Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia
Articles
VIEWS: 17
10.7454/jki.v29i1.1554
Submitted: 2024-08-09
Published: 2026-03-31

Association of Central Obesity and Hypertension in an Urban Area

Public Health Study Program, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta, Indonesia
Public Health Study Program, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta, Indonesia
Public Health Study Program, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta, Indonesia
Bogor city Bogor retrospective central obesity hypertension

Abstract

Hypertension is one of the non-communicable diseases in Indonesia that is closely related to obesity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between central obesity and hypertension in a cohort study group in Bogor City from 2011 to 2021. A retrospective cohort study design was employed, with multivariate Cox regression analysis performed using secondary data from the Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases (FRPTM) Cohort Study. Among 3,586 samples, 879 incident cases of hypertension were observed by the end of follow-up, accounting for 24.5% of the at-risk population. The incidence rate of hypertension was 28 cases per 1000 people per year, with a cumulative incidence rate of 25%. Multivariate analysis found that people with central obesity (RR: 1.415; 1.181-1.694) had a higher risk of developing hypertension. Other covariates were present, including age (p = 0.000), obesity (p = 0.000), light smoking (p = 0.000), moderate smoking (p = 0.011), and heavy smoking (p = 0.035). The control of central obesity through routine waist circumference screening in primary health care can serve as an important opportunity to prevent hypertension.

References

  1. Bosomworth, N.J. (2019). Normal-weight central obesity: Unique hazard of the toxic waist. Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien, 65 (6), 399–408. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6738397/.
  2. Chen, L., Zhang, J., Zhou, N., Weng, J.Y., Bao, Z.Y., & Wu, L. (2023). Association of different obesity patterns with hypertension in US male adults: a cross-sectional study. Scientific Reports, 13 (1), 1–10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-37302-x.
  3. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bogor. (2019). Profil kesehatan Kota Bogor 2018 [Bogor city health profile 2018]. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bogor. Retrieved from: https://dinkes.kotabogor.go.id/search-result?search=PROFIL DINAS KESEHATAN 2018.
  4. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bogor. (2022). Profil kesehatan Kota Bogor 2021 [Bogor city health profile 2021]. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bogor. Retrieved from: https://dinkes.kotabogor.go.id/search-result?search=Profil%20Kesehatan%202021.
  5. El Meouchy, P., Wahoud, M., Allam, S., Chedid, R., Karam, W., & Karam, S. (2022). Hypertension related to obesity: Pathogenesis, characteristics and factors for control. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23 (20), 12305. doi: 10.3390/IJMS232012305.
  6. Fan, H., & Zhang, X. (2022). Effects of smoking intensity trajectory, cumulative smoking exposure, and the number of years since quitting on the subsequent risk of hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 24 (7), 937–944. doi: 10.1111/jch.14534.
  7. Fountoulakis, P., Theofilis, P., Tsalamandris, S., Antonopoulos, A.S., Tsioufis, P., Toutouzas, K., Oikonomou, E., Tsioufis, K., & Tousoulis, D. (2023). The cardiovascular consequences of electronic cigarette smoking: a narrative review. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 21 (10), 651–661. doi: 10.1080/14779072.2023.2264179.
  8. Gao, N., Liu, T., Wang, Y., Chen, M., Yu, L., Fu, C., & Xu, K. (2023). Assessing the association between smoking and hypertension: Smoking status, type of tobacco products, and interaction with alcohol consumption. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10, 1027988. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1027988.
  9. Gebrina, M. (2024). Kenali dan kendalikan hipertensi, sebelum hipertensi mengendalikan kita [Control hypertension before it controls us. Retrieved from: https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/kenali-dan-kendalikan-hipertensi-sebelum-hipertensi-mengendalikan-kita. Accessed July 27, 2025.
  10. Haine, D., Dohoo, I., & Dufour, S. (2018). Selection and misclassification biases in longitudinal studies. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5 (99), 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00099.
  11. Haryani, S., Sahar, J., & Sukihananto, S. (2016). Penyuluhan kesehatan langsung dan melalui media massa berpengaruh terhadap perawatan hipertensi pada usia dewasa di Kota Depok [The influence of direct health education and using mass media to treatment of hypertension at the age of adult]. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia, 19 (3), 161–168. doi: 10.7454/JKI.V19I3.469.
  12. Jaiswal, V., Chowdhury, F., Mashkoor, Y., Nasir, Y.M., Garimella, V., Van den Eynde, J., Huang, H.Y.R., Hanif, M., Kalra, K., Aronow, W., & Fonarow, G.C. (2025). Global and regional trends in hypertensive heart disease–related mortality: Insight from World Health Organization database. The American Journal of Cardiology, 257, 253–262. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2025.09.025.
  13. Khanna, D., Welch, B.S., & Rehman, A. (2022). Pathophysiology of obesity. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572076/.
  14. Kesztyüs, D., Erhardt, J., Schönsteiner, D., & Kesztyüs, T. (2018). Therapeutic treatment for abdominal obesity in adults. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 115 (29–30), 487–493. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0487.
  15. Kristanti, D., & Prihartono, N. (2019). Obesity as a predictor of hypertension in adult population: A 14-years retrospective cohort study. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 10 (6), 491–497. doi: 10.5958/0976-5506.2019.01322.6.
  16. Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia. (2019). Laporan Riskesdas 2018 nasional [The 2018 national basic health research]. Retrieved from: https://repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/id/eprint/3514/.
  17. Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia. (2021). Laporan penelitian studi kohor faktor risiko penyakit tidak menular tahun 2021 [Cohort study research report on risk factors for non-communicable diseases, 2021]. Retrieved from: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1onS7anP-5u_m6nCqZ62wzoVJd57zlYCp/view?usp=sharing.
  18. Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia. (2024a). Daftar frequently asked questions (FAQ) pertanyaan yang sering ditanyakan seputar hasil utama SKI 2023 [Frequently asked questions list that often asked regarding Indonesia’s Health Survey report in 2023]. Retrieved from: https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/daftar-frequently-asked-question-seputar-hasil-utama-ski-2023/hasil-utama-ski-2023/.
  19. Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia. (2024b). Menkes Budi: kalau ingin berumur panjang harus rutin cek kesehatan [Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Budi, said: If you want to life long, then you must have regular health checkups]. Retrieved from: https://kemkes.go.id/id/menkes-budi-kalau-ingin-berumur-panjang-harus-rutin-cek-kesehatan. Accessed July 27, 2025.
  20. Niu, J., & Seo, D.C. (2014). Central obesity and hypertension in Chinese adults: A 12-year longitudinal examination. Preventive Medicine, 62, 113–118. doi: 10.1016/J.YPMED.2014.02.012.
  21. Rahma, G., & Gusrianti, G. (2019). Hubungan obesitas sentral dengan hipertensi pada penduduk usia 25-65 tahun [The association between central obesity and hypertension in people aged 25—65 years]. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 3 (2), 118–122. doi: 10.33757/JIK.V3I2.239.
  22. Ren, H., Guo, Y., Wang, D., Kang, X., & Yuan, G. (2023). Association of normal-weight central obesity with hypertension: A cross-sectional study from the China health and nutrition survey. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 23 (1), 120. doi: 10.1186/s12872-023-03126-w.
  23. Rhee, E.J., Cho, J.H., Kwon, H., Park, S.E., Jung, J.H., Han, K.Do, Park, Y.G., Park, H.S., Kim, Y.H., Yoo, S.J., & Lee, W.Y. (2018). Association between abdominal obesity and increased risk for the development of hypertension regardless of physical activity: A nationwide population‐based study. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 20 (10), 1417–1426. doi: 10.1111/JCH.13389.
  24. Riyadina, W., Rahajeng, E., Pradono, J., Tuminah, S., Kristanti, D., Sudikno, S., Dryah, S.L., Sulistiowati, E., & Agita, S. (2020). Rekam jejak studi kohor faktor risiko penyakit tidak menular di kota Bogor [Track record of cohort studies on risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in the city of Bogor]. UI Publishing.
  25. Sudikno, S., Riyadina, W., & Rahajeng, E. (2018). Obesitas sentral pada orang dewasa: studi kohor prospektif di kota Bogor [Central obesity among adult: Prospective Cohort Study in Bogor]. Gizi Indonesia, 41 (2), 105–116. doi: 10.36457/GIZINDO.V41I2.276.
  26. Sulistiowati, E., & Sihombing, M. (2020). Risk factors for newly diagnosed hypertensive at non-diabetes participants: a cohort study in central Bogor, Indonesia. Proceedings from the 4th International Symposium on Health Research (ISHR 2019), 74–80. doi: 10.2991/AHSR.K.200215.015.
  27. Tenny, S., & Boktor, S. W. (2023). Incidence. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430746/.
  28. Trimarco, V., Izzo, R., Pacella, D., Trama, U., Manzi, M.V., Lombardi, A., Piccinocchi, R., Gallo, P., Esposito, G., Piccinocchi, G., Lembo, M., Morisco, C., Rozza, F., Santulli, G., & Trimarco, B. (2024). Incidence of new-onset hypertension before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a 7-year longitudinal cohort study in a large population. BMC Medicine, 22 (127), 1–13. doi: 10.1186/S12916-024-03328-9.
  29. Wong, M. C. S., Huang, J., Wang, J., Chan, P. S. F., Lok, V., Chen, X., Leung, C., Wang, H. H. X., Lao, X. Q., & Zheng, Z. J. (2020). Global, regional and time-trend prevalence of central obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13.2 million subjects. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35 (7), 673–683. doi: 10.1007/S10654-020-00650-3.
  30. World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Hypertension. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension. Accessed February 24, 2024.

How to Cite

Simanjorang, C., Sudrajat, D. A. C., & Karima, U. Q. (2026). Association of Central Obesity and Hypertension in an Urban Area. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia, 29(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v29i1.1554