Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia
Articles
VIEWS: 62
10.7454/jki.v29i1.1668
Submitted: 2024-12-17
Published: 2026-03-31

The Predictive Ability of Child Characteristics and Parenting Factors on Four Developmental Domains in Toddlers

Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
attachment child development family characteristics parenting practices stunting

Abstract

Stunting is a chronic condition that has a significant impact on child development. This phenomenon is primarily caused by prolonged nutritional deficiency, especially during the first 1,000 days of life. In addition, as family factors also play a crucial role in children’s development, this study aims to analyze the influence of child and family characteristics, mother–child attachment, parenting practices, and the nutritional status of children (stunted/non-stunted) on children’s gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal–social skills. This study used a quantitative design with an explanatory approach involving 202 mother–child pairs with children aged 12–36 months. The findings show that healthcare practices (p = 0.016) and male gender (p = 0.050) significantly affected gross motor development (AR² = 0.068), while toddler age (p < 0.001), stunting status (p < 0.001), and healthcare practices (p = 0.042) affected fine motor development (AR² = 0.213). Healthcare practices (p = 0.021) significantly affected language development (AR² = 0.038), while toddler age (p < 0.001), mother–child attachment (p = 0.025), and healthcare practices (p = 0.010) significantly affected personal–social development (AR² = 0.138). Thus, addressing stunting requires cooperation from various stakeholders—including the government, healthcare professionals, the community, and parents—to focus on child- and family-centered approaches.

References

  1. Berkes, J., Raikes, A., Bouguen, A., & Filmer, D. (2019). Joint roles of parenting and nutritional status for child development: Evidence from rural Cambodia. Developmental Science, 22 (5), e12874. doi: 10.1111/desc.12874h.
  2. Black, M.M., Walker, S.P., Fernald, L.C., Andersen, C.T., DiGirolamo, A.M., Lu, C., ... & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2017). Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course. The Lancet, 389 (10064), 77-90. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7.
  3. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge.
  4. Central Statistics Agency of Bogor Regency. (2024). Garis kemiskinan (Rupiah), 2022-2024 [Poverty line (Rupiah) 2022-2024]. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bogor. Retrieved from: https://bogorkab.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/NjMjMg==/garis-kemiskinan.html.
  5. Deneault, A.A., Duschinsky, R., van Ijzendoorn, M.H., Roisman, G.I., Ly, A., Fearon, R.P., & Madigan, S. (2023). Does child-mother attachment predict and mediate language and cognitive outcomes? A series of meta-analyses. Developmental Review, 70, 101093. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2023.101093.
  6. Ekholuenetale, M., Barrow, A., Ekholuenetale, C.E., & Tudeme, G. (2020). Impact of stunting on early childhood cognitive development in Benin: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey. Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette, 68, 31. doi: 10.1186/s43054-020-00043-x.
  7. Fadlillah, M., & Pangastuti, R. (2022). Parenting style to support the cognitive development of early childhood. Jurnal Iqra, 7 (1), 156–163. doi: 10.25217/ji.v7i1.1614.
  8. Ferreira, T., Matias, M., Carvalho, H., & Matos, P.M. (2024). Parent-partner and parent-child attachment: Links to children's emotion regulation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 91, 101617. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101617.
  9. Jeong, J., Franchett, E.E., Ramos de Oliveira, C.V., Rehmani, K., & Yousafzai, A.K. (2021). Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: A global systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS Medicine, 18 (5), e1003602. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003602.
  10. Hastuti, D., Latifah, M., & Hasanah, R.A. (2025). Mother’s knowledge and parenting practices for stunted and non-stunted children under three in Bogor City. Malaysian Journal of Medicine & Health Sciences, 21 (Supp 1), 45-46. doi: 10.47836/mjmhs.21.s1.1.
  11. Jeong, J., Franchett, E.E., Ramos de Oliveira, C.V., Rehmani, K., & Yousafzai, A.K. (2021). Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 18 (5), e1003602. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003602.
  12. Kumar, R., & Lakhtakia, S. (2020). Women’s empowerment and child stunting in India: An investigation. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 29, 47–66. doi: 10.25133/jpssv292021.004.
  13. Latifah, M., Hernawati, N., Riany, Y.E., & Hasanah, R.A. (2025). Maternal parenting efficacy, mother-child attachment, home parenting environment, and child development: An analysis of stunted and non-stunted children in Bogor City. Malaysian Journal of Medicine & Health Sciences, 21, 47–48. doi: 10.47836/mjmhs.21.s1.1
  14. Lestari, E., Siregar, A., Hidayat, A.K., & Yusuf, A.A. (2024). Stunting and its association with education and cognitive outcomes in adulthood: A longitudinal study in Indonesia. PLoS One, 19 (5), e0295380. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295380.
  15. Meylia, K.N., Siswati, T., Paramashanti, B.A., & Hati, F.S. (2022). Fine motor, gross motor, and social independence skills among stunted and non-stunted children. Early Child Development and Care, 192 (1), 95–102. doi: 10.1080/03004430.2020.1739028.
  16. Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia. (2023). Buku saku hasil Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) Tahun 2022 [Pocketbook of the 2022 Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey (SSGI)]. Retrieved from: https://repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/id/eprint/4855/.
  17. Muhoozi, G.K., Atukunda, P., Diep, L.M., Mwadime, R., Kaaya, A.N., Skaare, A.B., Willumsen, T., Westerberg, A.C., & Iversen, P.O. (2018). Nutrition, hygiene, and stimulation education to improve growth, cognitive, language, and motor development among infants in Uganda: A cluster‐randomized trial. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 14 (2), e12527. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12527.
  18. Mustakim, M.R.D., Irwanto, I., Irawan, R., Irmawati, M., & Setyoboedi, B. (2022). Impact of stunting on development of children between 1–3 years of age. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 32 (3), 569–578. doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v32i3.13.
  19. Mutapi, F., Pfavayi, L., Osakunor, D., Lim, R., Kasambala, M., Mutemeri, A., Rusakaniko, S., Chibanda, D., & Mduluza, T. (2021). Assessing early child development and its association with stunting and schistosome infections in rural Zimbabwean children using the Griffiths scales of child development. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15 (8), e0009660. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009660.
  20. Nasser, M.S., Akhlaq, A., Ali, H., & Nasser, D. (2022). Evidence linking stunting to economic outcomes in the SAARC region: A systematic review. Pakistan Journal of Public Health, 12 (2), 88–101. doi: 10.32413/pjph.v12i2.978.
  21. Nurdiani, R., Herawati, T., Rizkillah, R., Pujihasvuty, R., & Amrullah, H. (2019). Association between parental feeding practice and clean and healthy lifestyle behaviour with stunting status among toddlers in West Bandung, Indonesia. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 75 (Suppl. 3), 296. doi: 10.1159/000501751.
  22. Oumer, A., Fikre, Z., Girum, T., Bedewi, J., Nuriye, K., & Assefa, K. (2022). Stunting and Underweight, but not Wasting are Associated with Delay in Child Development in Southwest Ethiopia. Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 13, 1–12. doi: 10.2147/PHMT.S344715.
  23. Perkins, J.M., Kim, R., Krishna, A., McGovern, M., Aguayo, V.M., & Subramanian, S. (2017). Understanding the association between stunting and child development in low- and middle-income countries: Next steps for research and intervention. Social Science and Medicine, 193, 101–109. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.039.
  24. Prado, E. L., Larson, L. M., Cox, K., Bettencourt, K., Kubes, J. N., & Shankar, A. H. (2019). Do effects of early life interventions on linear growth correspond to effects on neurobehavioural development? A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 7(10), e1398-e1413. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30361-4.
  25. Rambe, N.L., Hutabarat, E.N., & Hafifah, R. (2023). The effect of stunting on children’s cognitive development: Systematic review. Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health, 5 (2), 360–372. doi: 10.30829/contagion.v5i2.14807.
  26. Roberts, M., Tolar-Peterson, T., Reynolds, A., Wall, C., Reeder, N., & Rico Mendez, G. (2022). The effects of nutritional interventions on the cognitive development of preschool-age children: a systematic review. Nutrients, 14 (3), 532. doi: 10.3390/nu14030532.
  27. Robinson, J.R. (1994). Quality of attachment as a predictor of parental visitation when a young child or infant is hospitalized [Doctoral dissertation, Drake University]. Retrieved from: https://escholarshare.drake.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/686fb1af-7f6c-4973-8003-cc73d3770d8d/content.
  28. Sartika, A.N., Khoirunnisa, M., Meiyetriani, E., Ermayani, E., Pramesthi, I.L., & Ananda, A.J.N. (2021). Prenatal and postnatal determinants of stunting at age 0–11 months: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia. PLOS One, 16 (7), e0254662. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254662.
  29. Sk, R., Banerjee, A., & Rana, M.J. (2021). Nutritional status and concomitant factors of stunting among pre-school children in Malda, India: A micro-level study using a multilevel approach. BMC Public Health, 21 (1), 1690. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11704-w.
  30. Soliman, A., De Sanctis, V., Alaaraj, N., Ahmed, S., Alyafei, F., Hamed, N., & Soliman, N. (2021). Early and long-term consequences of nutritional stunting: From childhood to adulthood. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 92 (1), e2021168. doi: 10.23750/abm.v92i1.11346.
  31. Sukumaran, P., & Balakrishna, B. (2021). Parenting styles and social–emotional development of preschool children. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 8 (12), 1952–1957. doi: 10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20214534.
  32. Supriatin, E., Sudrajat, D.A., & Lindayani, L. (2020). The effect of stunting on cognitive and motor development in toddler children: Literature review. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Anak, 3 (2), 31–41. doi: 10.32584/jika.v3i2.782.
  33. Suwariyah, P. (2021). Test Perkembangan bayi/anak menggunakan Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) [Baby/child development test using the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST)]. Trans Info Media.
  34. Syandri, F., & Latifah, M. (2024). Mother’s knowledge, parenting style, and motor development in stunting and non-stunting toddler. Journal of Child, Family, and Consumer Studies, 3 (2), 107–116. doi: 10.29244/jcfcs.3.2.107-116.
  35. Vaivada, T., Gaffey, M.F., & Bhutta, Z.A. (2017). Promoting early child development with interventions in health and nutrition: a systematic review. Pediatrics, 140 (2), e20164308. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-4308.
  36. Wake, S.K., & Zewotir, T. (2022). Patterns, prevalence and determinants of stunting among children aged 1–15 years. Research Square. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2140794/v1.
  37. World Health Organization. (2018). Reducing stunting in children: equity considerations for achieving the Global Nutrition Targets 2025. Retrieved from https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/a9f21ba5-4fc7-4404-96eb-eeaa8b1b22ff/content.

How to Cite

Latifah, M., Hastuti, D., Hernawati, N., Nurdiani, R., & Hasanah, R. ‘Ainun. (2026). The Predictive Ability of Child Characteristics and Parenting Factors on Four Developmental Domains in Toddlers. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia, 29(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v29i1.1668